Brasses are copper zinc alloys containing up to about 45% zinc, with possibly small additions of lead for machinability, and tin for strength. Significance and Use 4. A team led by controversial physicist Avi Loeb is combing the ocean floor off the coast of Papua New Guinea for remnants of two meteors that they believe could actually be alien tech. 2 Use—The alphanumeric code is used to. Copper Fact 5. A wide variety of copper alloys are available for use in construction. 1 This classification establishes temper designations for copper and copper alloys—wrought and cast. 3kg of gold. The focus of these developments is for high heat flux applications such as combustion chambers with complex internal coolant passages that would otherwise require difficult and expensive manufacturing operations, if. 4: Copper-Base Alloy - C26000 (Cartridge brass, 70%) 11. Due to its effectiveness as an electrical conductor, copper is now most. % Cr and 4 at. Copper alloys There is a large number of copper alloys, with zinc (brass) and tin (bronze) being the most common. Belmont Product Code. Lancaster, in Metallurgy of Welding (Sixth Edition), 1999 10. Introduction Chemical disinfection is state of the art in preventing spread of infectious agents in the healthcare setting. 30: Copper, solid or plated; low brasses or bronzes; silver solder & German silvery high copper-nickel alloys; nickel-chromium alloys: 0. Rose gold is a gold–copper alloy widely used for specialized jewelry. Amalgam is a metal alloy of which one of the elements is mercury (Hg). The standard length for red brass pipe is 12 feet. 7 introduces another new DM: hydriding of titanium alloys. Mordike, 1999, Corrosion 99, San Antonio, TX, NACE, . 5 M, and 1 M NaCl solutions were conducted. Both of these are imprecise terms, having both been commonly referred to as lattens in the past. 5. Li,1 B. The age-hardening behavior is based on the fact that the solubility of Cd, Be, and Cr in Cu decreases with decreasing temperature. promovendo uma caracteristica de deslizamento da esfera, reduzindo o coeficiente de atrito entre a esfera e a. whole length and with a uniform wall thickness. Copper was the base material due to its ability to function as. 99% pure copper alloy with 0. Initially used for gun making, this type of brass is also used for hydraulic and steam castings, gears, and pipes. 4989. The microstructure of the single phase brass alloys, with up to 32% zinc, consists of a solid solution of zinc and alpha copper. 8 ± 0. Estabelece os requisitos para valvulas de esfera com extremidades roscadas, flangeadas ou soldadas para uso geral em instalaoes industriais,prediais ou domiciliares de gua, leos, gases derivados de petrleo e outros. Copper was the base material due to its ability to function as. , National Bureau of Standards, for the. g. Generally Al-brass heat exchangers are preferred subject to a FeSO 4. The use of strip metals for connector springs, terminals, contacts, and switches is well accepted in the interconnection industry. Your guide to trusted BBB Ratings, customer reviews and BBB Accredited businesses. Abstract. 5% copper. Abstract The experimentally found insensitivity of the resistivity of Cu–Cr and Cu–Cr–Zr alloys to structural modifications in alloy specimens subjected to severe plastic deformation has been studied by analytical modeling methods. The alloy elements are added to copper with the purpose to improve its resistance, ductility and thermal stability, without causing considerable damages on its form, electric and thermal conductivity and resistance to the corrosion, typical characteristic aspects of pure copper. Steel: the name given to an alloy of iron with carbon, usually with other elements, such as nickel and cobalt. Lake Van, in present-day Armenia, was the most likely source of copper ore for Mesopotamian metalsmiths, who used the metal to produce pots, trays, saucers, and drinking vessels. 1) or "native" metals (such as native copper) that are not commonly concentrated in the Earth's crust, or "noble" metals (not. Brass and bronze, two commonly used alloys, are created when copper is combined with other metals. Base metals are more common and more readily extracted than precious metals, which include gold, silver, platinum, and palladium. 1. 20. 13mm – 70mm A/F. Nickel alloys, on the other hand, are formed by combining nickel with other metals like aluminum, titanium, iron, copper, and chromium through a simple heat treatment process. This paper reviews the. 0. Copper brazing is a widely used technique for joining copper and copper alloys due to their exceptional electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, corrosion resistance, and formability. This zinc copper alloy may also contain minor amounts of other elements such as iron, nickel, silicon, or aluminum. C93200 Bearing Bronze / High Leaded Tin Bronze has excellent machining properties, good hardness, strength and wear resistance with excellent anti-friction qualities. The oral bioaccessibility of copper alloys and pure metals was assessed using in vitro methods with synthetic saliva and gastric fluid. Aluminum constituted nearly 40% of industrial metal production in 2022. Whereas 90-10 Cu-Ni tubing can have a proof. S. certain alloys and tempers, it increase stress corrosion susceptibility[2]. Alloys are metals that are a combination of several elements. People need copper in their diets. From the. Copper alloys are generally very malleable, with most being able to be rolled or. 1 INCH COPPER HALF BALLS - HEMISPHERE-110 ALLOY (25 PACK) $34. 2 INCH COPPER HALF BALLS - HEMISPHERE- 110 ALLOY (25 PACK). Different types of Copper/Silver Alloys. High-strength and high-conductivity copper alloys play essential roles in various industries, including the automotive industry, the railway industry, and the electronics industry [1, 2]. Sometimes called cupronickels, there exists a range of different copper-nickel alloys possessing different properties and useful in a range of different applications. EPA as antimicrobial. Figure 3. We adopted the design strategy of “data collection → alloy factor screening → machine learning modeling → alloy design and property optimization” to rationally and efficiently design the composition of precipitation strengthened copper alloys, as shown in Fig. 5) than in saliva fluid (pH 7. 3. Fig. It is malleable, ductile, and a good conductor of electricity and heat. 9 Mil 1941 1000+. L. There are approximately 3,000 nickel-based alloys in use today. Offered in round, square, and rectangular shapes. On the periodic chart, its atomic number is rated 29 with the. They have high resistance against corrosion. More than 400 varieties of copper alloys are available. 10g – 21g. Despite the relatively low antibacterial efficacy of cuprous oxide (Cu2O) compared to pure copper, it is still worth consideration in some scenarios. Commonly used as downhole tubular components, packers, and other subsurface equipment, it is included in API 5CT as Group 2, Grade L80, Type 13Cr. +++ 442 day test at Kure Beach, North Carolina. International Annealed Copper Standard: 100% give 5. 1/8″ – 9″ diameter. The charge on the inner conductor is uniformly-distributed with density. Additional information is available upon request. Figure 3. Citation 2014). Taking copper-nickel co-sputtered thin films with two copper contents. The corrosion process typically involves the formation of copper oxide or copper sulfate. Copper is a major metal and an essential element used by man. G. Laboratory testing shows that, when cleaned regularly, EPA-registered antimicrobial copper alloy surfaces kill greater than 99. Unfortunately,. 13 Chrome L80, UNS S42000, is a quenched and tempered martensitic stainless steel used for corrosion resistance in sweet (CO 2) and mildly sour (H 2 S) environments up to 300°F. It has high strength, good toughness, and excellent fatigue resistance. Yield Strength. 3 DS Copper Alloys 670 4. Therefore, they are widely used in the chemical, oil, and marine industries for manufacturing of various components of equipment, such as: drill collars, pumps, valves, impellers, fixtures, pipes,. For example, the hard bronze used in making. In several clinical studies, copper has been evaluated for use on touch surfaces, such as door handles, bathroom fixtures, or bed. More than 2,800 artifacts have been recovered from the site, including a ship's bell with a date of 1498, an important copper-alloy disc marked with the royal coat of arms of Portugal and the "esfera armilar"(armillary sphere) - a personal emblem of King Manuel I, and an extremely rare silver coin known as the "INDIO", first minted in 1499 by. Long after the Bronze Age passed into the Iron Age, copper remained the metal second in use and importance to. It should be noted that these figures represent total mill product and not finished product weight. The electronic interconnect industry's average scrap weight is approximated at 43%. However, the amount of copper may range from 55% to 95% by weight, with the amount of zinc varying from 5% to 45%. Based on this data, one can evaluate the engineering and economic viability of using specific copper alloys for fabricating fish cage nets for marine aquaculture. The test materials (Table 1) included copper alloy mesh stock formed from a 65% copper - 35% zinc alloy (“CAM”), 97% bronze - 3% silicon welded wire mesh (“Bronze”), a stock sheet of 90% copper - 10% nickel (“Sheet”), an expanded mesh (“Mesh”) that was made from the same production run as the 90:10 Cu:Ni sheet, and conventional. Alloy 10. % Ag-0. NASA takes an early R&D lead. In this review, several typical copper alloys, such as Cu-Fe-P, Cu-Ni-Si, and Cu-Cr-Zr are analyzed. It uses a classical tin-to-lead alloy ratio, which is complemented with a no clean, synthetically refined, splatter-proof, resin flux core. Arsenical copper Beryllium copper (beryllium) Billon (silver) Brass (zinc) Calamine brass (zinc) Chinese silver (zinc) Dutch metal (zinc) Gilding metal (zinc) Muntz metal (zinc) Pinchbeck (zinc) Prince's metal (zinc) Tombac (zinc) In general, copper alloy shows weight loss, whereas copper-alloy graphite composites show weight gain when subjected to 17-day Australian test solution (according to the Standards Association of Australia Code of Practice C316-1970). Final letter, designating material group. 3. In fact, copper is used for these purposes more often than any other metal. Copper is known to possess certain unique qualities that make it the best engineering material for bearing applications. Basic modern brass is 67% copper and 33% zinc. 4. The first material to. The two most common copper alloys are brass (alloyed with zinc) and bronze (alloyed with tin). Copper was the first metal to be worked by man, along with gold and meteoritic iron. 8 wt% Zr alloy as an example, it has been shown that an increased contribution of grain. $14. 3. Good corrosion resistance. These fittings shall be produced to meet the general requirements of ASTM B 62, Alloy C83600 or the chemical and. Consequently it is very easy to work out how much you will get for either of these units. In 1962, a penny's content changed to 95% copper and 5% zinc. The other key properties exhibited by copper and its alloys include: Excellent heat conductivity. There are two principal classifications, namely casting alloys and wrought alloys, both of which are further subdivided into. Wood. Copper alloys is generally very tenacious, with most possessing an elongation of at fewest 30%. There are approximately 370 commercial copper and copper-alloy compositions. It offers high conductivity, good ductivity and strength. Deep drawing. The EPA studies show that on copper alloy surfaces, greater than 99. 5 Zr (wt-%) and vacuum melting and vacuum centrifugally casting [Citation 16]. Details of of copper alloy compositions are given in the Appendix. coinage. It covers manufacturers and servicenters of products such as rod & bar, strip, sheet & plate, wire, and tube. Copper and its alloys are relatively good conductors of electricity and heat. 5% lead. The plate was heat treated (F) at 960°C. In many countries, as well as the more obvious copper-colored coins, "silver" coins are also copper alloys - this time with nickel; these are known as cupronickel alloys. * = alloys registered with U. Paint or spray objects with a solution of 250 grams of ammonium carbonate / 250 grams of ammonium chloride / 1 litre of water, each layer is dried for 24 hours, after reaching the desired shade wax or lacquer it. 1. products made from Antimicrobial Copper Alloys - Group I under EPA Registration Number 82012-1. 2 Lattice Parameters of Manganese-Copper Alloys. The strongest composite we offer; comparable in strength to 6061 aluminum but lighter in weight. In order to systematize this colorful collection and provide a basis for specification, the National Association of Architectural Metal Manufacturers (NAAMM) and the National Ornamental & Miscellaneous Metals. This specification establishes the requirements for sheets and strips of various thicknesses produced from copper (Copper UNS No. Here are the top-ranked copper alloy companies as of November, 2023: 1. Material Description Beryllium alloys are the most common form of beryllium product, accounting for an estimated 75% of the total U. Depending upon the application requirements, copper beryllium alloys are available in two alloy classes: High Strength (C17000, C17200, C17300) and High Conductivity (C17410, C17460, C17500, C17510). 26 - Cast Copper Alloy Fittings for Flared Copper Tubes. Beryllium-copper (BeCu) alloys are the most commonly used beryllium products. The deformation mechanisms, microstructure evolution, and dynamic. These alloys are available in different shapes such as waffle plate, rod in coils, and ingot. Additionally, the antimicrobial properties of solid copper alloy surfaces against. For the as-fabricated C-18150 AM parts, horizontal and angled. Copper and copper alloys are one of the major groups of commercial metals. The ores must be processed to extract the metals of interest from the waste rock. Aesthetics crucial factor in development of earliest copper alloys. The mechanical processes performed on copper alloys, either as initial finishes for later patination or as final finishes, involve similar techniques to those used on stainless steel and aluminum. Available in round rod and strip forms. 3 –Fe 3. , non-oxidizing atmosphere. Copper alloys are made by mixing copper with one or more other metals to produce a new material that combines some of their best properties. Copper and copper alloys are applied for a variety of purposes: as decorative finishes, to aid in electrical conduction, as a protective layer against fretting corrosion, and as an undercoat for other metal coatings (e. C opper is a tough, ductile and malleable material. Only a few metals have a success story similar to that of copper and its alloys. So if you are going to earn £3 per kilo of scrap. The Copper Mariner. 13 Chrome L80, UNS S42000, is a quenched and tempered martensitic stainless steel used for corrosion resistance in sweet (CO 2) and mildly sour (H 2 S) environments up to 300°F. Aesthetics crucial factor in development of earliest copper alloys. * = alloys registered with U. Low Alloy Steels 1382 - 1529 Stainless Steels 1375 - 1450 Non-ferrous Aluminium Alloys 475 - 677 Copper Alloys 982 - 1082 Lead Alloys 322 - 328 Magnesium Alloys 447 - 649 Nickel Alloys 1435 - 1466 Titanium Alloys 1477 - 1682 Zinc Alloys 375 - 492 Ceramics Glasses Borosilicate Glass (*) 450 - 602Most copper alloys are produced to a series of cold-rolled tempers with a tensile strength range unique to each alloy and temper designation. 9% of the following bacteria within 2 hours of. BBB Start with Trust ®. The two primary copper alloys are brass and bronze. Differences Between Alloy and Copper. This specification 2 establishes requirements for an alloy having a composition of copper, tin, lead, and zinc, used for component castings of valves, flanges, and fittings. Columbia Metals stocks copper nickel alloys – generally known as cupronickels – and high copper alloys, which are those that usually contain more than 95% copper with only a small addition of elements such as nickel, silicon. HIGH-STRENGTH WROUGHT COPPER- BERYLLIUM ALLOYS (ALLOYS 25, M25 AND 165) Age hardening temperatures for high-strength wrought cop-per beryllium vary from 500°F (260°C) to 700°F (370°C). In order to remove corrosion inhibitor from their surfaces, samples were subjected to mechanical polishing and then chemical polishing in a mixture of concentrated acids: orthophosphoric (V) H 3 PO 4 , nitric(V) HNO. Nominal Composition. Brasses are copper zinc alloys containing up to about 45% zinc, with possibly small additions of lead for machinability, and tin for strength. The common cold-rolled temper names and designations are: Annealed. Brass works as an alloy because copper and zinc are close to one another in the periodic table and have atoms of roughly similar size. S. overall width. The antimicrobial activity of copper and copper alloys is now well established, and copper has recently been registered at the U. Alloying produces a metal harder than either copper or zinc individually. O Projeto circulou em Consulta Nacional conforme Edital nº 12, de 21. Select the alloy (s) and one or more properties you would like to see displayed. Tough Copper Alloys INC. The main concern of HSHC Cu alloys is how to strengthen the alloy efficiently. Copper’s superior conductivity allows smaller conductors to be used, saving. Basic modern brass is usually 67% copper and 33% zinc, but the compositions of the elements may vary (55% to 95% for copper and 5% to 45% for zinc). com. Copper alloys are metal alloys that have copper as their principal component. OF Copper (C101) OF copper is a 99. Modulus Of Elasticity. Tube drawing has been successfully demonstrated with tubes as small as 0. ;. 35: Brass and bronzes: 0. Hort, and B. Metals which have a designated minimum copper content of 99. Some alloys are listed under more than one element, since the composition of the alloy may vary such that one element is present in a higher concentration than the others. The other key properties exhibited by Copper and its alloys include: ~ Retention of mechanical and electrical properties at cryogenic temperatures. Platinum and copper along with their alloys have been used in a broad range of applications including jewelry, coinage, electrical and electronic devices, and many others. II. 001 mm/y), within those velocities that each alloy can tolerate without damage to the protective corrosion product film. Joining. The Copper Development Association Inc. Brass (copper-zinc alloys) Brasses are copper alloys with 5-45 % zinc. 5) than in saliva fluid (pH 7. Abstract. 2). a group of alloys with the same characteristics in respect of their field of application, behaviour in contact with drinking water and restrictions with regard to water composition and/or surface area. Gold from the richest grave in the cemetery at the 5th millennium site of Varna, Bulgaria. There are more than 400 copper alloys, each with a unique combination of properties to suit many applications, manufacturing processes and environments. . The rod ingots were 30 and 40 mm in diameter and approx. 9 percent copper, and is available in six tempers designated by ASTM B370 as: 060 (soft), H00 (cold rolled), H01 (cold rolled, high yield), H02 (half hard), H03 (three quarter hard), and H04 (hard). This was followed in 1968 by the construction of the Asperida. Copper Alloys. 95% Cu, 0. The use of the ISO designation is increasingly widespread, applied and deepened by the UNI EN 1412 standard (Copper and copper alloys - European numerical designation system). High copper alloys which contain a copper content between 99. , 2. Over the following decade, the International Copper Research Association (INCRA - now the. Only a few metals have a success story similar to that of copper and its alloys. Copper-beryllium alloys are mainly based on copper with a beryllium addition. Copper and copper alloys retain a high degree of ductility and toughness at subzero temperatures. One of the most useful alloys is the 70%Cu and 30% Zn alloy is famed for its deep-drawing ability. The most common solder paste powder sizes for SMT are type 3 (T3), type 4 (T4), and type 5 (T5). Oxx. 01–0. Pure copper has the best electrical and thermal conductivity of any commercial metal. CEN European Numbering System for copper and copper alloys, showing the preferred number ranges and letters allocated to the different material groups. Figure 9 34 demonstrates the galvanic series of different commercial alloys in flowing seawater. The following datasheet gives details about UNS C18150 chromium. Tough Copper Alloys INC. The letter C must always be placed. Fortunately in the UK we use the metric system to weigh up scrap metal. A preferred electrical conductor Apart from silver, copper is the next best conductor of electricity. Metal ores are generally oxides, sulfides, silicates (Table 12. The higher the lead content of the alloy the more lead globules present in the structure. EPA as antimicrobial. Nickel Silver - Alloyed with Nickel and Zinc. Base metals are any nonferrous (they contain no iron) metals that are neither precious metals nor noble metals. The development of a new type of environmentally friendly, ultrahigh strength, high stress relaxation resistance, good formability, and high reliability conductive elastic copper alloy has become a research focus for elastic materials. Copper-lead alloys containing about 30% lead are stronger but have less satisfactory surface properties and are usually used with a thin lead-tin overlay. Copper alloys containing 1 to 6% Pb are free machining grades, and are used widely for machined parts especially those produced in screw machines. Yet its conductivity is only 28% that of pure copper. However, the amount of copper may range from 55% to 95% by weight, with the amount of zinc varying from 5% to 45%. From the point of view of strengthening mechanism there are three categories of copper alloys for connector applications: solid solution-strengthened, dispersion-strengthened and precipitation-hardened. UNS C70600 has a central position in the series. Both of these are imprecise terms, having both been commonly referred to as lattens in. 1 12. Environmental Protection Agency as the first solid antimicrobial material. Figure 3. e. 6 to 2. Hydrometallurgy. Electronic products Copper’s supreme electrical conductivity properties and abundance as a raw material make it the most efficient and cost-effective metal for electronic products. Commonly used as downhole tubular components, packers, and other subsurface equipment, it is included in API 5CT as Group 2, Grade L80, Type 13Cr. Size Range. Cryogenic Properties of Copper. See moreWorking and finishing techniques, alloy families, coloration and other attributes are addressed, illustrating that copper and its alloys are so adaptable that they can be used. Permanent mold and pressure die castings of plumbing components are also commonly made of the leaded yellow brass alloy C85800, which contains nominally 1. It has good reflectivity but lacks the refinement of an applied mechanical surface. Wrought Copper Alloy Families § C100xx-C150xx Commercially Pure Cu § C151xx-C199xx Age Hardenable Cu (w/ Cd, Be, Cr, Fe) § C2xxxx Cu-Zn alloys – Brasses § C3xxxx Cu. And as alloyed in bronze (copper-tin alloy) about 3000 BC, was the first engineering material known to man. Cu-based alloys constitute mostly substitutional solid solutions. Brush Alloy 25 is the most commonly specified beryllium copper and is available in the wrought forms listed on page 5. (Thermo; Experimental) Google Scholar. % Zr alloy) is the state-of-the-art material used to make the liner in engines such as RS-25 and RS-68. Two types of copper alloys, namely CuCrZr (produced by Outokumpu Oy) and GlidCop® CuAl25 IG0 produced by OM6 (formerly SCM Metals) were studied. It is manufactured from alloy C23000 which is comprised of approximately 85% Copper (Cu) with no greater than 0. 09/20/2018 EN (English US) 2/26 P308+P313 - If exposed or concerned: Get medical advice/attention. Copper and its relevant species, such as oxides and many alloys, have been recognised as potential antibacterial surfaces. The best known traditional types are bronze, where tin is a significant addition, and brass, using zinc instead. In most of the alloys in this group aluminum is the primary constituent and in the cast alloys. Also, please take a look at the list of 19 copper alloy manufacturers and their company rankings. 4. The most common copper alloy used in food processing plants is C18200 chromium-copper, which contains 18% chromium and 2% copper. (2) Global service experience data on brake. With increasing zinc content, the reddish copper color changes to the yellow of brass. 3% or higher. PerforMet alloy is a nickel-silicide-strength - ened bronze that withstands high pressures and temperatures. The best known traditional types are bronze, where tin is a significant addition, and brass, using zinc instead. 5% silver to 7. comOFHC Copper (CDA 10200) OFHC copper has 99. Continued on the next page . It offers 100% IACS minimum conductivity, making it popular for electrical applications and those necessitating low resistance levels. Brass - Alloyed with Zinc. Over half of the copper produced is used in electrical and electronic applications. 05 mpy (0. Available sizes are 1/8" to 12" diameters in both regular and extra strong wall thickness. 5–9% Sn and 0. Introduction. There are times when iron will be added into copper alloys to provide positive. C22000), copper-zinc alloy that is red brass (Copper Alloy UNS No. C1000), copper-iron alloy (Copper Alloy UNS No. G. In 303 alloy, the chromium content is reduced to 17%, and 1% of the alloy is sulfur. Granular copper powder can be produced by a number of methods, the most important being atomization, electrolysis, hydrometallurgy and solid state reduction. Their composition design, preparation, and processing directly affect the final performance. Bell metal is a hard alloy used for making bells and related instruments, such as cymbals. Iron containing alloys require annealing temperature at higher end of the range. Whereas 90-10 Cu-Ni tubing can have a proof. Laboratory testing shows that, when cleaned regularly, EPA-registered antimicrobial copper alloy surfaces kill greater than 99. Once the powder is consolidated, the alloy can be processed like any other high-strength copper alloy. J. , Ni–Cr) on steel and zinc-based castings. Number ranges available for positions 3, 4 and 5. Anti-Bacterial – copper compounds have been used as bacteriostatic agents and fungicides, as well as wood preservatives. Satin or matte finishes can be achieved through controlled scratching, satin directional finishing with scrubbing pads, aluminum oxide discs, silicon. 3%. Alloying can increase or reduce the strength, hardness, electrical and thermal conductivity, corrosion resistance, or change the color of a metal. While NASA pioneered the usage of copper alloys in the 1970s on the Space Shuttle Main Engine, that use was at first limited to forged components. The copper grade numbering scheme is broken down below to help and understand copper alloys and the characteristics of each sequence. Those are suitable to serve different purposes in many sectors. The beryllium-copper alloy's yield. NARloy-Z (Cu-3 wt. In the wrought structures, the lead is present as discrete particles between the alpha copper grains. 20. 02mm/yr decreasing with time as the protective surface films mature . Thus, when brass is said to have 28% IACS, it denotes an electrical conductivity 28% of that standard. Copper and copper alloys are applied for a variety of purposes: as decorative finishes, to aid in electrical conduction, as a protective layer against fretting corrosion, and as an undercoat for other metal coatings (e. 22. * = alloys registered with U. Form. Effect of Quenching Temperature on the Electrical Resistance of Mangan-ese-Copper Alloys 30 Fig. However, the brazing process can be. 3. 9 Mil 1997 10-49. In 1962, a penny's content changed to 95% copper and 5% zinc. Raw Materials. 5. 20. The structure of the as-cast material is. IndiaCopper alloys containing 1 to 6% Pb are free machining grades, and are used widely for machined parts especially those produced in screw machines. 93 kg/dm 3 at 20 °C) varies only slightly with increasing nickel content (density of nickel at 20 °C = 8. Copper Alloys Brass is a copper alloy made by adding zinc to copper, whose properties depends on the content of zinc. It is also the oldest metal known to man and was first discovered and used about 10,000 years ago. Due to improvements in metal refining. Embrittlement is an important theme of API 571/572 and.